Approaches in sociology and development

Abstract Purpose:The present study aims to provide a sociological understanding of young people’s concerns regarding political development and to explain their patterns of participation, withdrawal, and protest.

Method: This study was conducted using a qualitative approach based on grounded theory methodology. Data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 20 first-year students at Yazd University. Data analysis was carried out through open,axial, and selective coding,and continued until theoretical saturation was reached.

Findings: Young people’s understanding of concerns related to political development is not limited to the formal sphere of politics; rather, it is closely intertwined with their social, economic, cultural, gender-related, and everyday lived experiences. Dissatisfaction with compulsory laws, gender-based restrictions, economic problems, feelings of inequality, individual disregard, and distrust in governance emerged as the most significant categories derived from the data. Despite these dissatisfactions, many participants distanced themselves from violence and regarded peaceful protest as a more desirable form of political action. At the same time,fear of political and social consequences,the prioritization of personal security and individual salvation, and the belief that existing conditions are unchangeable led them toward a form of pessimism, passivity,and political glumism. According to the paradigmatic model of the study,nonviolent protest orientation constitutes the central phenomenon, which is shaped through its interaction with multiple forms of dissatisfaction,legalism,political non-participation,and the prioritization of individual interests.

Conclusion:The findings indicate that the decline in young people’s formal political participation does not necessarily imply political indifference. Rather, it may reflect a transformation in the forms of political action and the emergence of more complex patterns of protest,caution,and civic claim-making.

Abstract Objective: Women, as one of the most influential social actors, play a significant role in addressing cultural, political, and social issues within contemporary societies. The factors shaping their agency can contribute to a better explanation of social development processes and the formulation of policies related to women. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify the factors influencing women’s agency in confronting cultural, political, and social issues.

Method: This study employed a qualitative research design. The participants consisted of 30 women selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews and analyzed through open, axial, and selective coding procedures.

Findings: The findings indicated that women’s agency can be understood through three interrelated dimensions: cultural, political, and social. The cultural dimension included categories such as communicative family discourse, cultural inequality, cultural capital, symbolic capital, identity challenges, cultural oppression, cultural deprivation, and the transition from tradition to modernity. The political dimension encompassed symbolic political capital, symbolic violence against women, the formation of new habitus, communicative action with governance structures, power conflicts, purposive governance actions, and strategic governance actions. The social dimension included social cognitive capital, social inequality, transformation of habitus, tensions between tradition and modernity, dynamic social identity, and patterns of interaction with governing institutions.

Conclusion: The results suggest that women’s agency in confronting cultural, political, and social issues is a multidimensional phenomenon shaped by the interaction of cultural and symbolic capital, identity formation processes, power structures, and conditions of social inequality. Enhancing women’s cultural and social capital can facilitate a more effective role for women in social development processes

Abstract Objective: The objective of the present study was to design a sociological model of social responsibility: strategies, consequences, and antecedents of women working in the General Directorate of Agricultural Jihad in Semnan Province. Method: The research population consisted of 20 managers and experts in the field of sociological social responsibility of working women, faculty members, managers, and female experts working in the General Directorate of Agricultural Jihad in Semnan Province, who were selected based on purposeful sampling and using the data saturation technique. Data collection was carried out using a semi-structured in-depth interview method and data analysis was carried out using thematic analysis method. Findings: The findings of the thematic network analysis showed that there were 8 overarching themes, 28 organizing themes, and 63 primary codes of social responsibility of working women (strategies, consequences, and antecedents). The themes (organization-wide) were presented in the form of 8 dimensions, which are: human factors, organizational factors, individual strategies, management strategies, organizational communication strategies, organizational action strategies, antecedents, and consequences.Conclusion: Social integration is one of the most important programs through which we can control the situation, provide emotional and instrumental support to young boys who have recovered from addiction, and as a result, reduce social harm and risky behaviors.

Abstract Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of poverty culture on sustainable social development among urban households aged (30-50 years) in Kahnouj city in 1404. Method: The method of the present study was a descriptive correlational survey. The statistical population of the study included all urban households aged (30-50 years) in Kahnouj city in 1404, which according to the Kerman Provincial Statistics Center is 22,497 people, of which 378 people were selected as the sample size using a 3-stage quota, cluster and simple random sampling method and according to the Cochran formula. In order to collect data, two poverty culture questionnaires from the perspective of Basatian (2011) and the sustainable social development questionnaire from the perspective of Mokhtari Malekabadi et al. (2014) were used. The Culture of Poverty Questionnaire with 15 questions and validity and reliability of 0.89 and 0.91 respectively, and the Sustainable Social Development Questionnaire with 40 questions and validity and reliability of 0.88 and 0.90 respectively were used. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS and PLS computer software. Findings: The results of data analysis show that the culture of poverty has a significant impact on sustainable social development in Kahnouj city. Conclusion: In an environment where cultural poverty prevails, people go beyond the normal limits of their lives and move towards negative luxury, which results in the promotion of chaos, the growth of economic, social and cultural disasters, and as a result, the lack of sustainable social development.

Abstract Objective: The objective of the present study was to investigate the factors affecting the success and economic sustainability of home business support projects implemented by clients under the coverage of the Tonekabon County Welfare Organization. Method: The present study is of a descriptive-correlational type. The statistical population of this study included 204 clients under the coverage of the Tonekabon County Welfare Organization who received employment loans from the Tonekabon County Welfare Organization during the years 1400 to 1404. They were selected as the sample size using a simple and accessible random sampling method. In order to collect data, a 27-question questionnaire on factors affecting the success and economic sustainability of home business support projects (researcher-made) was used, which has good validity and reliability. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS and PLS computer software. Findings: The results of data analysis show that there is a significant relationship between the factors affecting the success and economic sustainability of home-based business support projects for clients covered by the Tonekabon County Welfare Organization. Conclusion: Given the increasing role of home-based businesses in empowering and self-sufficiency of the less privileged in society and as a result of the dynamism of the country's economy and society, accurate identification of the factors affecting the development of this sector is of great importance.

Abstract Objective: The objective of the present study was to design a model of social and cultural harms in boys' secondary schools in Babol. Method: The research population consisted of 18 managers and experts in the field of social and cultural harms in schools, faculty members, managers, assistants, and teachers of boys' secondary schools in Babol, who were selected based on purposive sampling using the data saturation technique. Data collection was carried out using a semi-structured in-depth interview method and data analysis was carried out using thematic analysis method. Findings: The findings of the thematic network analysis showed that there are 6 overarching themes, 30 organizing themes, and 240 primary codes of social and cultural harms in schools. The themes (overarching organization) were presented in the form of 6 dimensions, which are: behavioral and disciplinary harms, deviant and psychosocial harms, structural-family and economic harms, educational and cognitive harms, educational and identity harms, and structural and cultural value harms. Conclusion: The increase in behavioral abnormalities among students, on the one hand, indicates the onset of the abnormality at an early age, and on the other hand, indicates its continuation in the future, which will ultimately jeopardize the foundations of society.