An approach in sociology and development

Abstract Abstract
The spread of unemployed university graduates in Iran indicates that the entrepreneurial spirit among students is facing serious challenges and if this situation continues, the unemployment problem will get much worse in the near future. Given that social factors are closely linked to the entrepreneurial spirit, the present study has attempted to examine the relationship between social capital and the entrepreneurial spirit of students. The method used is a survey method. The statistical population of the study is students of Yasuj University, 391 of whom were selected through multi-stage random sampling. The research tool for measuring entrepreneurial spirit is the entrepreneurial spirit questionnaire of Siadet et al. (2012), and the research tool for measuring social capital is the social capital questionnaire of Onix and Bullen (2000). Based on the descriptive findings of the study, the entrepreneurial spirit of students is at an average level. Based on the analytical findings of the study, there is a positive and significant relationship between social capital and entrepreneurial spirit. In addition, none of the demographic variables show a significant relationship with entrepreneurial spirit. The conclusion of the present study is that by increasing social capital, the spirit of entrepreneurship can be promoted among students and, in this way, help solve one of the country's important social issues, namely graduate unemployment.

Abstract Abstract
Objective: The objective of the present study was to conduct a sociological analysis of the social and cultural factors affecting the tendency to wear the hijab among female undergraduate students at the Islamic Azad University of Babol Branch.
Method: The method of the present study was a descriptive survey of the correlation type. The statistical population of the study was female undergraduate students at the Islamic Azad University of Babol Branch in 1403, numbering (1093), of which 284 were selected as the sample size based on the multi-stage cluster sampling method and according to the Cochran formula. In order to collect data, two questionnaires with 86 questions on social and cultural factors affecting the tendency to wear the hijab (researcher-made) and a questionnaire with 17 questions on the tendency to wear the hijab were used. The validity and reliability of these were measured as 0.93, 0.90, 0.91, and 0.89, respectively. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS and LISREL computer software.
Findings: The results of data analysis show that there is a significant relationship between social factors affecting the tendency to wear hijab among female undergraduate students of Islamic Azad University, Babol Branch. There is a significant relationship between cultural factors affecting the tendency to wear hijab among female undergraduate students of Islamic Azad University, Babol Branch. Conclusion: From a sociological perspective, hijab is formed in a context of social relations in which the framework, women's issues have cultural, social, political and economic dimensions as well as religious, spiritual, status, personality and behavioral components that can be examined from different paradigms and perspectives.

Abstract Abstract
Free trade zones, due to their economic and commercial benefits, can be attractive targets for criminal activities. In this study, by examining general and specific crimes in free trade zones and crime prevention methods, including situational prevention and social prevention in these areas, we have tried to provide solutions to reduce crimes in these important and vital areas. Crime prevention in free trade zones requires a multifaceted approach that includes security, educational measures, and inter-organizational cooperation. Considering the specific needs of each area, implementing these strategies can lead to a reduction in crime rates and increased security in these areas. In the present study, we seek to answer the following questions: 1- What are free trade zone crimes? 2- What are the social prevention strategies for crimes in free trade zones? 3- What are the situational prevention strategies for crimes in free zones? Through research and studies in this field, it was found that in addition to common crimes such as rent, embezzlement, bribery, theft, specific crimes such as smuggling, entry and residence of foreigners without a permit, false cottage certificates, etc. occur abundantly in these areas. Social prevention techniques can also be improved in the form of measures to improve and clean the environment, public awareness, etc. For situational prevention, neutralizing crime-causing factors and criminal motives, etc. are also useful.

Abstract Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify and prioritize effective management strategies in achieving social discipline of the justice staff of East Azerbaijan Province. This study is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive in terms of its type of research. The statistical population of this study included 25 justice staff of East Azerbaijan Province who were identified and selected in a completely purposeful manner. The present study is a mixed research design type. Accordingly, first, using a qualitative interview approach and theoretical studies, an initial model was designed for experts to identify effective management strategies in achieving social discipline. After presenting it to the experts and eliminating weaker factors and making necessary changes, the model was presented to the experts again for the second time. After the experts reached a consensus on effective management strategies in achieving social discipline, the final model was approved. In order to prioritize the identified factors of effective management strategies in achieving social discipline, the MCDM decision-making technique was used with the help of the AHP statistical technique. The results of the ranking of variables showed that conscientiousness and responsibility with a weight of 0.395 ranked first, work motivation with a weight of 0.390 ranked second, social control of employees with a weight of 0.387 ranked third, personal and professional development with a weight of 0.386 ranked fourth, correct application of laws and regulations with a weight of 0.331 ranked fifth, targeted planning and management with a weight of 0.283 ranked sixth, and employee participation in decision-making with a weight of 0.274 ranked seventh.

Abstract Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify and prioritize the barriers to citizen participation in urban services in Shadegan city. The research method is applied and exploratory-mixed in terms of purpose. Purposeful sampling was used, and 13 members of the city council, former and current mayors of Shadegan city, and their deputies were identified as experts. After identifying the barriers through content analysis of the research background, a questionnaire was prepared based on the Likert scale and distributed in 3 rounds using the Delphi technique, with a number of components being eliminated. The results of this research showed that four factors of urban structure and characteristics, urban management, rewards and expectations of rewards from participation, and participation structures were identified as barriers to citizen participation in urban services. After drawing a decision tree, a paired comparison questionnaire was prepared, which was obtained through Expert Choice 11 software to prioritize the barriers to citizen participation in urban services in Shadegan city.

Abstract Abstract:
This study examines the sociological dimensions of social media and cyberspace in Iran. Given the increasing penetration of these platforms in Iranians' daily lives, analyzing their impacts on social, cultural, political, and economic structures holds particular significance. The primary objective of this article is to identify and analyze patterns of media consumption, transformations in individual and collective identities, the formation of social movements, and their effects on public discourse within Iran's digital space. Employing a mixed-methods approach combining content analysis and surveys, this research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the complexities characterizing Iranian society's interaction with virtual spaces. Preliminary findings indicate that while social media has created opportunities for innovative communication and civic engagement, it has simultaneously introduced challenges including misinformation dissemination, privacy violations, and widening social divides. The article concludes by proposing policy recommendations for cyberspace governance and promoting media literacy in society.

Keywords: Sociology of cyberspace, Social media in Iran, Individual and collective identity, Social